UPOREDNA ANALIZA TAKMIČARSKE RAVNOTEŽE MLS, PREMIJER LIGE I JELEN SUPER LIGE U FUDBALU OD 2001. DO 2013. GODINE
Ključne reči:
fudbal, ravnoteţa, takmičenjeApstrakt
Važnost takmičarske ravnoteže kao faktora koji doprinosi kvalitetu jedne sportske lige se ogleda u neizvesnosti samog takmičenja. Utakmice čiji se ishod unapred zna ne privlače pažnju navijača ni medija, čime taj sportski događaj gubi svoj osnovni smisao. U SAD i Evropi postoje različiti pristupi rešavanju problema takmičarske ravnoteže. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da uporedi takmičarsku ravnotežu Jelen super lige Srbije, Engleske Premijer lige i MLS fudbalske lige SAD. Istraživanje je vršeno u periodu od 12 sezona. Takmičarska ravnoteža izračunata je pomoću RSD i HHI indeksa. Rezultati RSD-a su pokazali da je najujednačenija MLS liga, zatim sledi Engleska Premijer liga, dok je najneujednačenija Jelen super liga. Izračunavanjem HHI su potvrđeni rezulatati RSD-a. Najmanja vrednost HHI indeksa je zabeležena kod MLS lige i iznosi 2,125. U Engleskoj Premijer ligi, taj indeks je 5,167, a u Jelen super ligi 7,500. MLS liga je najujednačenija zahvaljujući mehaninzmima čiji je cilj postizanje i održavanje takmičarske ravnoteže. Zahvaljujući tim mehanizmima kvalitet MLS lige raste iz sezone u sezonu. U Engleskoj Premijer ligi je mali broj najkvalitetnih klubova koji se bore za šampionsku titulu, dok je u Srbiji taj broj sveden samo na dva kluba. Tako, Crvena Zvezda i Partizan godinama odskaču kvalitetom u odnosu na ostale klubove u Srbiji. U Srabiji, kao uostalom i na prostoru bivše Jugoslavije, svi ovi segmenti kojima se ujednačava takmičarska ravnoteža, izuzimajući system takmičenja, koji funkcioniše po principima najkvalitetnijih liga u Evropi, nisu na dovoljno visokom nivou da bi njihov uticaj omogućio uspostavljanje sistema propisa i regulativa koje će da unaprede kvalitet takmičenja.
Reference
Adelman, M. (1986). A sporting time: New York City and the rise of modern athletics. Urbana, IL: Unibersity of Illinois Press.
Baimbridge, M., Cameron, S., & Dawson, P. (1996). Satelite televisionand the demand for football: A hole new ball game. Scotland Journal of Politic Economy, 43(3), 317–333. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9485.1996.tb00848.x
Bloching, B., & Pawlowski, T. (2013). How exciting are the major European football leagues? [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrived from University of Tübingen website: http://www.rolandberger.com/media/pdf/Roland_Berger_Competitive_ Balance_of_Football_Leagues_20130220.pdf.
Butler, B. (1998). 100 seasons of League Football. London. United Kingdom: Queen Anne Press.
Dobson, S., & Goddard, J. (2001). The economics of football. Cambrige, United Kingdom: Cambridge university press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511493225
El-hodiri, M., & Quirk, J. (1971). An economic model of a professional sports league. Journal of Politic Economy, 79(6), 1302–1319. doi: 10.1086/259837
Fort, R., &Quirk, J. (1995). Cross-subsidization, incentives, and outcomes in professional teamsports leagues. Journal of Economic Literature, 33, 1265-1299.
Gerrard, B. (2004). Still up for grabs? Maintaining the sporting and financial viability of European club soccer. In R. Fort and J. Fizel (Eds.), International Sport Economics Comparisons (pp. 39‒59). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
Goossenes, K. (2006). Competitive balance in European football: Comparison by adapting measures. Revista di diritto ed economia dello sport, 2(2), 77–122.
Groot, J. & Groot, L. (2003). The competitive balance of French football 1945-2002. Economie Appliquee, 56, 91–113.
Haan, M., Koning, R. H.,&van Witteloostuijn, A. (2002).Market forces in European soccer.University of Groningen, SOM Research Reports 02F18.
Hoye, R., Smith, A., Nicholson, M., Srewart, B., & Westerbeek, H. (2006). Sport management: Principes and applications. Burlingotin, MA: Elsevier.
Inan, T., & Kaya, M. (2011). Competitive balance in Turkish soccer. Ekonomika a Management, 2. Retrived from http://www.econbiz.de/Search/Results?lookfor= "Turkish"&type=Subject&sort=econbiz_created+desc&limit= 50.
Istorija Jelen Super Lige (n.d.). Retrived from http://www.jelenfootball.com/tekst/151/9/Istorija-Jelen-Super- Lige.html.
Janssens, P., & Kesenne, S. (1986). Belgian soccer attendance. Tijdschrift voor Economie en Management, 32(3), 305–315.
Jones, J. C. H. (1969). The economics of the national hockey team. Canadian Journal of Economics, 2(1), 1–20. doi: 10.2307/133568
Kesenne, S. (2003). The slary cup proposal of the G-14 in European football. Europena Sport Managemnt Quaterly, 3(2), 120–128.
Kringstad, M. & Gerrard, B. (2007). Beyond competitive balance. InM. M. ParentandT. Slack, T.(Eds.),International Perspectives on the Management of Sports (pp. 149–172). Burlington, MA: Elsevier AcademicPress.
Knowles, G. Sherony, K., & Haupert, M. (1992). The demand for MLB: A test of the UOO hypothesis. American Economy, 36(2), 72–80.
Manaisis, V., & Avgerinou, V. (2013). Quantification of competitive balance in European football: Development of specially designed indices. IMA Journal of Management Mathematics, 24(3), 363–375. doi: 10.1093/imaman/dps014
Michie, J.,&Oughton, C. (2004).Competitive balance in football: Trends and effects. London, United Kingdom: The SportsNexus.
Naghshbandi,S., Yousefi,B., Etemad, Z., & Moradi, M. (2011). The comparison of competitive balance in Football Premier Leagues of England, Germany, Spain, France, Italy and Iran: A case study from 2009-2010 seasons. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 6(4), 673–681. doi: 10.4100/jhse.2011.64.10.
Neale, W. C. (1964). The peculiar economics of professional sports: A contribution to the theory of the firm of sporting competition and in market competition. Quarterly Journal of Economic, 78(1), 1‒14. doi: 10.2307/1880543
Noll, R. G. (1988).Professional basketball. Stanford University Studies in Industrial Economics Paper no.144, Stanford University.
Owen, D., P., Ryan, M. & Weatherston, C. (2007). Measuring Competitive Balance in Professional Team Sports Using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. Review of Industrial Organization, 31(4), 289‒302. doi: 10.1007/s11151-008-9157-0
Quirk, J., & Fort, R. D. (1997). Competitive balance in sports leagues. In J. Quirk and R. D. Ford (Eds.), Pay dirt: The business of professional team sport (pp. 240‒293). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rottenberg, S. (1956). The baseball players' labor market. The Journal of Political Economy,64(3), 242‒258. doi: 10.1086/257790
Scully, G. W. (1989). The business of Major League Baseball, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Soebbing, P., B. (2008). Competitive Balance and Attendance in Sport Industry. Bussines of Sport, 2, 51‒66.
Szymansky, S. (2001). Income inequality, competitive balance and the attractiveness of team sports: Some evidence and a natural experiment from English soccer. Economic journal, 111, 69‒84. doi: 10.1111/1468-0297.00599
Tokis, J. H. (1949). Monopoly in professional sport. Yale Law Journal, 58, 708.
Uefa country coefficinets (2014). Retrived from http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/countr y/.
Utt, J., & Fort, R. (2002). Pitfalls to measuring competitive balance with Gini Coefficients. Journal of Sports Economics, 3, 367–373. doi: 10.1177/152700250200300406; doi: 10.1177/152700202237502
Zimbalist, A. S. (2002). Competitive balance in sports leagues: An introduction. Journal of Sports Economics, 3, 111–121. doi: 10.1177/152700250200300201
