UPOREDNA ANALIZA RIZIKA SPORTSKOG INDEKSA PRIMENOM SHARPE, SORTINO I TREYNOR RATIO
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46793/ManagSport16-2.044PKljučne reči:
portfolio menadžment, European Football Clubs Index, hedžing, plemeniti metali, rizik, prinos, sigurna lukaApstrakt
Ovaj rad analizira performanse European Football Clubs Index (EFCI), koji uključuje Manchester United, Juventus, Benficu i Celtic, kroz procenu prinosa i rizika. Analiza koristi Sharpe, Sortino i Treynor racio, dok su bivarijantni portfoliji konstruisani primenom minimalne varijanse i optimalnih udela prema Kroner & Ng formuli. Hedžiranje indeksa je sprovedeno sa plemenitim metalima – zlatom, srebrom, platinom i paladijumom. Rezultati pokazuju da portfolij sa zlatom ostvaruje najbolji odnos prinosa i ukupnog rizika (Sharpe 0,1186, Sortino 0,0801, Treynor 28,4340), dok platina pruža najefikasniju zaštitu od negativnih oscilacija (Sortino 0,1049, downside rizik 0,4297). Srebro i paladijum pokazuju slabije performanse, sa niskim ili negativnim Sharpe i Sortino vrednostima i neefikasnim Treynor raciom (-30,2617 za paladijum). Nalazi potvrđuju da hedžiranje sa plemenitim metalima značajno smanjuje rizik portfolija i da efikasnost strategije zavisi od primenjenog pokazatelja performansi. Rad doprinosi literaturi jedinstvenim pristupom sistematskog hedžiranja sportskih indeksa plemenitim metalima, naglašavajući praktičnu primenljivost i inovativnost metodologije.
Reference
Bedir, F., G. Bozma, M. Turan, and O. Mızrak. (2022). “Effects of COVID-19 on Football Stock Market’s Return and Uncertainty.” International Journal of Sport Finance 17 (3). https://doi.org/10.32731/IJSF/173.082022.02
Będowska-Sójka, B., & Kliber, A. (2021). Is there one safe-haven for various turbulences? The evidence from Gold, Bitcoin and ether. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 56, 101390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2021.101390
Bibliography of Harry M. Markowitz’s Publications, 1952-1990. (1991). The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 93(1), 19–21. https://doi.org/10.2307/3440416
Botoc, C., Mihancea, E., & Molcut, A. (2019). Football and stock market performance correlation: Evidence from Italy. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 66(4), 525–539. https://doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2019-0044
Deutsche Bundesbank. (2025). Three-month risk-free bonds – interest rates. https://www.bundesbank.de
Ersan, O., Demir, E., & Assaf, A. (2022). Connectedness among fan tokens and stocks of football clubs. Research in International Business and Finance, 63, 101780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2022.101780
Esparcia, C., & Díaz, A. (2024). The football world upside down: Traditional equities as an alternative for the new fan tokens? A portfolio optimization study. Research in International Business and Finance, 71, 102496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2024.102496
Fassas, A. (2012). Exchange-traded products investing and precious metal prices. Journal of Derivatives & Hedge Funds, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.1057/jdhf.2012.3
Ferreira, P., Loures, L., Nunes, J. R., & Dionísio, A. (2017). The behaviour of share returns of football clubs: An econophysics approach. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 472, 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2017.01.022
Floros, C. (2014). Football and stock returns: New evidence. Procedia Economics and Finance, 14, 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00703-5
Kazak, H., Saiti, B., Kılıç, C., Akcan, A. T., & Karataş, A. R. (2025). Impact of Global Risk Factors on the Islamic Stock Market: New Evidence from Wavelet Analysis. Computational Economics, 65(6), 3573–3604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10614-024-10665-7
Keshkar, S., and G. A. Karegar. (2022). “Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Sports Industry.” In COVID-19 and the Sustainable Development Goals, 123–157. Elsevier. https:// doi.org/10.1016/B
Kroner, K. F., & Ng, V. K. (1998). Modeling Asymmetric Comovements of Asset Returns. The Review of Financial Studies, 11, 817-844. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/11.4.817
Maksimović, S., Damnjanović, M. A:, Mrdak, G. (2025). Assesing Institutuinal Effectiveness in Local Budgetary Financing of Sports in Serbia, Management in Sport, 16(1), 31-56. https://doi.org/10.46793/ManagSport16-1.031M
Markowitz, H.M. (1991). Foundations of Portfolio Theory. The Journal of Finance, No. 2, 469-477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1991.tb02669.x
Nabli, M. A., Ben Slimane, I., & Hamdi, H. (2025). Quantile-on-quantile connectedness between European football clubs and bitcoin: Insights for safe-haven assets and portfolio optimization. Journal of Risk Finance. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRF-01-2025-0015
Prigge, S., & Tegtmeier, L. (2020). Football stocks: A new asset class attractive to institutional investors? Empirical results and impulses for researching investor motivations beyond return. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 10(4), 471–494. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-07-2019-0063
Prigge, S., & Tegtmeier, L. (2022). Efficiency in the market for listed European football clubs. Managerial Finance, 48(11), 1561–1578. https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-05-2021-0196
Putić, I., Balaban, S., & Madžar, L. (2025). Hedging a bivariate portfolio with the S&P 500 index as the primary instrument. Economics of Enterprise, 73(5-6), 267–282. http://doi.org/10.5937/EKOPRE2506267P
Rana, H.M.U., & O’Connor, F. (2023). Domestic macroeconomic determinants of precious metal prices in developed and emerging economies: an international analysis of the long and short run. International Review of Financial Analysis, 89, 102813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2023.102813
Renneboog, L., & Vanbrabant, P. (2000). Share price reactions to sporty performances of soccer clubs listed on the London stock exchange and the aim. Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
Scharnowski, M., Scharnowski, S., & Zimmermann, L. (2023). Fan tokens: Sports and speculation on the blockchain. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 89, 101880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2023.101880
Schreiber, N., & Schiereck, D. (2025). Beautiful game on hold – Impact of COVID-19 on football stocks. Journal of Economics and Finance, 49(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12197-024-09704-8
Sharpe, W. F. (1994). The Sharpe Ratio. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 21 ( 1) 49 – 58.
Shen, C., Zhang, T., & Chen, Y. (2021). The role of white precious metals in the allocation of general asset. Journal of Systems Science and Complexity, 34, 1522–1537.
Sortino, F. A., & van der Meer, R. (1991). Downside risk. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 17(4), 27–31. https://doi.org/10.3905/jpm.1991.409343
Srivastava, P., & Mazhar, S.S. (2018). Comparative Analysis of Sharpe and Sortino Ratio with reference to Top Ten Banking and Finance Sector Mutual Funds. International Journal of Management Studies. http://dx.doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v5i4(2)/10
Stracca, L. (2004). Behavioral finance and asset prices: Where do we stand? Journal of Economic Psychology, 25(3), 373–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(03)00055-2
Treynor, J. L. (1965). How to rate management of investment funds. Harvard Business Review, 43(1), 63–75.
Tuna, G. (2019). “Interaction between precious metals price and Islamic stock markets”. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 12 No. 1 pp. 96–114, https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-06-2017-0143
Zbiljić, G., & Isaković, M. (2025). Synergizing sports and economics for sustainable development goals: A strategic alliance. Glasnik za društvene nauke / Journal of Social Sciences, 17(1), 127–147. https://doi.org/10.46793/GlasnikDN17.1.127Z
Živkov D., Kuzman B., Subić J. (2022): Measuring the risk-adjusted performance of selected soft agricultural commodities. Agricultural Economics– Czech, 68: 87–96. https://doi.org/10.17221/298/2021-AGRICECON
Živkov, D., Mihajlović, M. & Lalošević M. (2022). Kako kombinovati srpski indeks akcija sa plemenitim metalima u multivarijantnom Markowitz portfolio. International Journal of Economic Practice and Policy, 19, 1, 1-14.